الخلاصة السريعة: الجملة الشرطية = If-clause + Main clause .
Zero: حقيقة عامة • First: احتمال حقيقي في المستقبل • Second: افتراضي (حاضر/مستقبل) • Third: افتراضي في الماضي • Mixed: نتيـجة/شرط عبر أزمنة مختلفة.
1) Zero Conditional — الحقائق العامة
الصيغة الاستعمال مثال (EN) ترجمة (AR)
If + Present Simple , Present Simple حقائق، قوانين طبيعة، عادات
If you heat ice, it melts.
إذا سخّنت الثلج، يذوب. When/Whenever + Present, Present
بديل لـ if في الحقائق
When it rains, the ground gets wet.
عندما تمطر يبتلّ الأرض.
2) First Conditional — احتمال حقيقي (مستقبل)
الصيغة ملاحظات مثال
If + Present Simple , will + V يمكن استبدال will بـ can/may/might/should
If I study, I will pass. If + Present, Imperative
أوامر/نصائح
If it rains, take an umbrella.
تذكير: بعد if لا نستخدم will عادةً (إلا مع المعنى الإرادي: If you will wait…).
3) Second Conditional — افتراضي (حاضر/مستقبل)
الصيغة الاستخدام مثال
If + Past Simple , would + V خيال/احتمال ضعيف/نصيحة
If I had more time, I would travel. were مع جميع الضمائرصيغة رسمية/كتابية
If I were you, I would try.
4) Third Conditional — افتراضي في الماضي
الصيغة الاستخدام مثال
If + had + V3 , would have + V3 ندم/افتراض حول ماضٍ لم يحدث
If she had studied, she would have passed. could/might have + V3
إمكان/احتمال
If they had left earlier, they could have caught the train.
5) Mixed Conditionals — شرط/نتيجة عبر أزمنة مختلفة
النوع الصيغة المعنى مثال
ماضٍ → حاضر
If + had + V3, would + V
حدث ماضٍ يؤثر على الحاضر
If I had slept well, I would feel better now . حاضر/عام → ماضٍ
If + Past Simple, would have + V3
حالة عامة سبّبت نتيجة في الماضي
If she were taller, she would have joined the team.
6) بدائل if + علامات الترقيم
unless = if… not: Unless you hurry, you’ll be late. = If you don’t hurry…as long as / provided (that) = بشرط: You can go out as long as you finish. in case للاحتياط: Take an umbrella in case it rains. even if للتوكيد: Even if it rains, we’ll play.
الترقيم: إذا جاءت جملة if أولًا نضع فاصلة قبل الجملة الرئيسية:
If it rains, we’ll stay home. / We’ll stay home if it rains.
7) أخطاء شائعة
❌ If I will study, I will pass. → ✅ If I study , I will pass.
❌ If I was you… (محكي مقبول) → ✅ رسميًا: If I were you…
❌ If he studied, he will pass. (خلط الأزمنة) → ✅ If he studies, he will pass. / If he studied, he would pass.
نسيان have + V3 في الثالث: ❌ would have went → ✅ would have gone .
8) تمارين — اختر الإجابة/أكمل
أ) Zero vs First
If you (heat) water to 100°C, it ___ (boil).
If she (finish) early, she ___ (meet) us tonight.
ب) Second Conditional
If I (be) rich, I ___ (travel) the world.
If he (know) the answer, he ___ (help) you.
ج) Third Conditional
If they (leave) earlier, they ___ (catch) the bus.
If she (not/miss) the class, she ___ (understand) the lesson.
د) Mixed
If I (not/stay up) late, I ___ (feel) better now.
If he (be) more careful, he ___ (not/have) that accident yesterday.
الإجابات
heat • boils (Zero)
finishes • will meet (First)
were • would travel (Second)
knew • would help (Second)
had left • would have caught (Third)
hadn’t missed • would have understood (Third)
hadn’t stayed up • would feel (Mixed: past → present)
were • wouldn’t have had (Mixed: present → past)
التصنيفات: قواعد اللغة الإنجليزية الجمل الشرطية